CHELSA-bioclim is a global, kilometer-scale climate dataset generated with the CHELSA downscaling model. It consists of bioclimatic variables.
| Name | Unit | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Annual Near-Surface Air Temperature (bio01) | °C | Mean annual temperature calculated as the average of mean monthly temperatures over the year |
| Mean Diurnal Near-Surface Air Temperature Range (bio02) | °C | Mean diurnal temperature range computed as the average of monthly (tasmax − tasmin) |
| Isothermality (bio03) | °C | Isothermality: 100 × (bio02 ÷ bio07); compares day–night variability to annual temperature range |
| Temperature Seasonality (bio04) | °C/100 | Temperature seasonality given by the standard deviation of mean monthly temperatures |
| Mean Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature of the Warmest Month (bio05) | °C | Highest monthly mean of daily maximum temperatures (tasmax) across the year; indicates peak thermal conditions |
| Mean Daily Minimum Near-Surface Air Temperature of the Coldest Month (bio06) | °C | Lowest monthly mean of daily minimum temperatures (tasmin) across the year; characterizes winter cold intensity |
| Annual Daily Mean Near-Surface Air Temperature Range (bio07) | °C | Annual temperature range calculated as bio05 − bio06; measures amplitude between warmest and coldest months |
| Mean Daily Near-Surface Air Temperature of the Wettest Quarter (bio08) | °C | Average monthly mean temperature over the wettest 3-month period of the year |
| Mean Daily Near-Surface Air Temperature of the Driest Quarter (bio09) | °C | Average monthly mean temperature over the driest 3-month period of the year |
| Mean Daily Mean Near-Surface Air Temperature of the Warmest Quarter (bio10) | °C | Average monthly mean temperature over the warmest 3-month period of the year |
| Mean Daily Mean Near-Surface Air Temperature of the Quarter (bio11) | °C | Average monthly mean temperature over the coldest 3-month period of the year |
| Annual Precipitation (bio12) | kg m-2 year-1 | Sum of monthly precipitation totals across the year |
| Precipitation of the Wettest Month (bio13) | kg m-2 month-1 | Maximum monthly precipitation total |
| Precipitation of the Driest Month (bio14) | kg m-2 month-1 | Minimum monthly precipitation total |
| Precipitation Seasonality (bio15) | kg m-2 | Coefficient of variation (100 × SD ÷ mean) of monthly precipitation totals |
| Mean Monthly Precipitation of the Wettest Quarter (bio16) | kg m-2 month-1 | Average monthly precipitation during the wettest 3-month period of the year |
| Mean Monthly Precipitation of the Driest Quarter (bio17) | kg m-2 month-1 | Average monthly precipitation during the driest 3-month period of the year |
| Mean Monthly Precipitation of the Warmest Quarter (bio18) | kg m-2 month-1 | Average monthly precipitation during the warmest 3-month period of the year |
| Mean Monthly Precipitation of the Coldest Quarter (bio19) | kg m-2 month-1 | Average monthly precipitation during the coldest 3-month period of the year |
| Frost Change Frequency (fcf) | count | Number of freeze–thaw transitions per year |
| First Day of the Growing Season TREELIM (fgd) | julian day | Julian day marking the first occurrence of growing season conditions |
| Growing Degree Days Heat Sum above 0 °C (gdd0) | °C | Sum of daily mean temperatures above 0 °C accumulated over the year |
| Growing Degree Days Heat Sum above 10 °C (gdd10) | °C | Sum of daily mean temperatures above 10 °C accumulated over the year |
| Growing Degree Days Heat Sum above 5 °C (gdd5) | °C | Sum of daily mean temperatures above 5 °C accumulated over the year |
| First Growing Degree Day above 10 °C (gdgfgd10) | julian day | Julian day of the first occurrence of a daily mean temperature above 10 °C |
| First Growing Degree Day above 5 °C (gdgfgd5) | julian day | Julian day of the first occurrence of a daily mean temperature above 5 °C |
| Growing Season Length (gsl) | days | Number of days between the first and last occurrence of growing season conditions |
| Accumulated Precipiation Amount on Growing Season Days (gsp) | kg m-2 gsl-1 | Total precipitation accumulated during the growing season period |
| Mean Temperature of Growing Season Days (gst) | °C | Average daily mean temperature over all growing season days |
| Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (kg0) | category | Köppen–Geiger climate classification, 1=Af (equatorial fully humid), 2=Am (equatorial monsoonal), 3=As (equatorial summer dry), 4=Aw (equatorial winter dry), 5=BWk (cold desert), 6=BWh (hot desert), 7=BSk (cold steppe), 8=BSh (hot steppe), 9=Cfa (warm temperate fully humid hot summer), 10=Cfb (warm temperate fully humid warm summer), 11=Cfc (warm temperate fully humid cool summer), 12=Csa (warm temperate summer dry hot summer), 13=Csb (warm temperate summer dry warm summer), 14=Csc (warm temperate summer dry cool summer), 15=Cwa (warm temperate winter dry hot summer), 16=Cwb (warm temperate winter dry warm summer), 17=Cwc (warm temperate winter dry cool summer), 18=Dfa (snow fully humid hot summer), 19=Dfb (snow fully humid warm summer), 20=Dfc (snow fully humid cool summer), 21=Dfd (snow fully humid extremely continental), 22=Dsa (snow summer dry hot summer), 23=Dsb (snow summer dry warm summer), 24=Dsc (snow summer dry cool summer), 25=Dsd (snow summer dry extremely continental), 26=Dwa (snow winter dry hot summer), 27=Dwb (snow winter dry warm summer), 28=Dwc (snow winter dry cool summer), 29=Dwd (snow winter dry extremely continental), 30=ET (polar tundra), 31=EF (polar frost) |
| Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (kg1) | category | Köppen–Geiger climate classification without As/Aw differenciation, 1=Af (equatorial fully humid), 2=Am (equatorial monsoonal), 3=As (equatorial summer dry), 4=Aw (equatorial winter dry), 5=BWk (cold desert), 6=BWh (hot desert), 7=BSk (cold steppe), 8=BSh (hot steppe), 9=Cfa (warm temperate fully humid hot summer), 10=Cfb (warm temperate fully humid warm summer), 11=Cfc (warm temperate fully humid cool summer), 12=Csa (warm temperate summer dry hot summer), 13=Csb (warm temperate summer dry warm summer), 14=Csc (warm temperate summer dry cool summer), 15=Cwa (warm temperate winter dry hot summer), 16=Cwb (warm temperate winter dry warm summer), 17=Cwc (warm temperate winter dry cool summer), 18=Dfa (snow fully humid hot summer), 19=Dfb (snow fully humid warm summer), 20=Dfc (snow fully humid cool summer), 21=Dfd (snow fully humid extremely continental), 22=Dsa (snow summer dry hot summer), 23=Dsb (snow summer dry warm summer), 24=Dsc (snow summer dry cool summer), 25=Dsd (snow summer dry extremely continental), 26=Dwa (snow winter dry hot summer), 27=Dwb (snow winter dry warm summer), 28=Dwc (snow winter dry cool summer), 29=Dwd (snow winter dry extremely continental), 30=ET (polar tundra), 31=EF (polar frost) |
| Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (kg2) | category | Köppen–Geiger climate classificationafter Peel et al. 2007, 1=Af (equatorial fully humid), 2=Am (equatorial monsoonal), 3=As (equatorial summer dry), 4=Aw (equatorial winter dry), 5=BWk (cold desert), 6=BWh (hot desert), 7=BSk (cold steppe), 8=BSh (hot steppe), 9=Cfa (warm temperate fully humid hot summer), 10=Cfb (warm temperate fully humid warm summer), 11=Cfc (warm temperate fully humid cool summer), 12=Csa (warm temperate summer dry hot summer), 13=Csb (warm temperate summer dry warm summer), 14=Csc (warm temperate summer dry cool summer), 15=Cwa (warm temperate winter dry hot summer), 16=Cwb (warm temperate winter dry warm summer), 17=Cwc (warm temperate winter dry cool summer), 18=Dfa (snow fully humid hot summer), 19=Dfb (snow fully humid warm summer), 20=Dfc (snow fully humid cool summer), 21=Dfd (snow fully humid extremely continental), 22=Dsa (snow summer dry hot summer), 23=Dsb (snow summer dry warm summer), 24=Dsc (snow summer dry cool summer), 25=Dsd (snow summer dry extremely continental), 26=Dwa (snow winter dry hot summer), 27=Dwb (snow winter dry warm summer), 28=Dwc (snow winter dry cool summer), 29=Dwd (snow winter dry extremely continental), 30=ET (polar tundra), 31=EF (polar frost) |
| Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (kg3) | category | Climate classification after Wissmann 1939, 1=I_A (Rainforest equatorial), 2=I_F (Rainforest weak dry period), 3=I_T (Savannah and monsoonal Rainforest), 4=I_S (Steppe tropical), 5=I_D (Desert tropical), 6=II_Fa (-), 7=II_Fb (-), 8=II_Tw (-), 9=II_Ts (-), 10=II_S (-), 11=II_D (-), 12=III_F (-), 13=III_Tw (Summer green and coniferous forest winter dry), 14=III_Ts (Summer green and coniferous forest cool etesien), 15=III_S (-), 16=III_D (-), 17=IV_F (Humid boreal forest), 18=IV_T (Winter dry boreal forest), 19=IV_S (Boreal steppe), 20=IV_D (Boreal desert), 21=V (Polar tundra), 22=VI (Polar frost) |
| Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (kg4) | category | Climate classification after Thornthwaite 1931, 1=Wet/Tropical, 2=Humid/Tropical, 3=Subhumid/Tropical, 4=Semiarid/Tropical, 5=Arid/Tropical, 6=Wet/Mesothermal, 7=Humid/Mesothermal, 8=Subhumid/Mesothermal, 9=Semiarid/Mesothermal, 10=Arid/Mesothermal, 11=Wet/Microthermal, 12=Humid/Microthermal, 13=Subhumid/Microthermal, 14=Semiarid/Microthermal, 15=Arid/Microthermal, 16=Wet/Taiga, 17=Humid/Taiga, 18=Subhumid/Taiga, 19=Semiarid/Taiga, 20=Arid/Taiga, 21=Wet/Tundra, 22=Humid/Tundra, 23=Subhumid/Tundra, 24=Semiarid/Tundra, 25=Arid/Tundra, 26=Wet/Frost, 27=Humid/Frost, 28=Subhumid/Frost, 29=Semiarid/Frost, 30=Arid/Frost |
| Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification (kg5) | category | Climate classification after Troll-Pfaffen, 1=I_1 (Polar ice-deserts), 2=I_2 (Polar frost-debris belt), 3=I_3 (Tundra), 4=I_4 (Sub-polar tussock grassland and moors), 5=II_1 (Oceanic humid coniferous woods), 6=II_2 (Continental coniferous woods), 7=II_3 (Highly continental dry coniferous woods), 8=III_1 (Evergreen broad-leaved and mixed woods), 9=III_2 (Oceanic deciduous broad-leaved and mixed woods), 10=III_3 (Sub-oceanic deciduous broad-leaved and mixed woods), 11=III_4 (Sub-continental deciduous broad-leaved and mixed woods), 12=III_5 (Continental deciduous broad-leaved and mixed woods as well as wooded steppe), 13=III_6 (Highly continental deciduous broad-leaved and mixed woods as well as wooded steppe), 14=III_7 (Deciduous broad-leaved and mixed wood and wooded steppe favoured by warmth but withstanding cold and aridity in winter), 15=III_7a (Thermophile dry wood and wooded steppe which withstands moderate to hard winters), 16=III_8 (Humid deciduous broad-leaved and mixed wood which favours warmth), 17=III_9 (High grass-steppe with perennial herbs), 18=III_9a (Humid steppe with mild winters), 19=III_10 (Short grass- or dwarf shrub-), 20=III_10a (Steppe with short grass dwarf shrubs and thorns), 21=III_11 (Central and East-Asian grass and dwarf shrub steppe), 22=III_12 (Semi-desert and desert with cold winters), 23=III_12a (Semi-desert and desert with mild winters), 24=IV_1 (Sub-tropical hard-leaved and coniferous wood), 25=IV_2 (Sub-tropical grass and shrub-steppe), 26=IV_3 (Sub-tropical thorn- and succulents-steppe), 27=IV_4 (Sub-tropical steppe with short grass hard-leaved monsoon wood and wooded-steppe), 28=IV_5 (Sub-tropical semi-deserts and deserts), 29=IV_6 (Sub-tropical high-grassland), 30=IV_7 (Sub-tropical humid forests (laurel and coniferous forests)), 31=V_1 (Evergreen tropical rain forest and half deciduous transition wood), 32=V_2 (Rain-green humid forest and humid grass-savannah), 33=V_2a (Half deciduous transition wood), 34=V_3 (Rain-green dry wood and dry savannah), 35=V_4 (Tropical thorn-succulent wood and savannah), 36=V_4a (Tropical dry climates with humid months in winter), 37=V_5 (Tropical semi-deserts and deserts) |
| Last Day of the Growing Season TREELIM (lgd) | julian day | Julian day of the last occurrence of growing season conditions |
| Number of Growing Degree Days above 0 °C (ngd0) | number of days | Total number of days in a year with mean daily temperature above 0 °C |
| Number of Growing Degree Days above 10 °C (ngd10) | number of days | Total number of days in a year with mean daily temperature above 10 °C |
| Number of Growing Degree Days above 5 °C (ngd5) | number of days | Total number of days in a year with mean daily temperature above 5 °C |
| Net Primary Production on Land as Carbon Mass Flux (npp) | g C m-2 yr-1 | Production of carbon' means the production of biomass expressed as the mass of carbon which it contains. Net primary production is the excess of gross primary production (rate of synthesis of biomass from inorganic precursors) by autotrophs ('producers') for example photosynthesis in plants or phytoplankton over the rate at which the autotrophs themselves respire some of this biomass. 'Productivity' means production per unit area. The phrase 'expressed_as' is used in the construction A_expressed_as_B where B is a chemical constituent of A. It means that the quantity indicated by the standard name is calculated solely with respect to the B contained in A neglecting all other chemical constituents of A. |
| Snow Cover days (scd) | days | Number of days per year with snow cover present at the surface |
| Snow Water Equivalent (swe) | kg m-2 year-1 | Total water equivalent of snowpack accumulated over the year |
CHELSA-daily is a global, kilometer-scale climate dataset generated with the CHELSA downscaling model. It consists of daily surface variables summarized as daily means, minima, maxima, or, in some cases, daily accumulations.
CHELSA-monthly is a global, kilometer-scale climate dataset generated with the CHELSA downscaling model. It consists of monthly aggregated surface variables summarized as monthly means or, in some cases, monthly accumulations.
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CHELSA-climatologies is a global, kilometer-scale climate dataset generated with the CHELSA downscaling model. It consists of long term climatological means.
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CHELSAch-highres-climatologies is a high resolution climate dataset generated with the CHELSA downscaling model for Switzerland. It consists of long term 30 year mean aggregated surface variables.